ziggurat
@ziggurat@lemmy.world
- Comment on Bombs Awat 2 days ago:
The math actually works, and is quite simple. Just assume the fish is a sphere
- Comment on Little dude ATP 1 week ago:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as the primary energy currency of the cell, enabling various biological processes. Here’s an explanation of how ATP works on a molecular level:
Structure of ATP
ATP is composed of three main components:
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Adenine: A nitrogenous base.
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Ribose: A five-carbon sugar molecule, which together with adenine forms adenosine.
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Three Phosphate Groups: Linked sequentially through high-energy bonds.
Energy Storage and Release
The key to ATP’s function lies in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups, particularly the bond between the second (beta) and third (gamma) phosphate groups.
- Hydrolysis of ATP:
When ATP is hydrolyzed (reacts with water), it loses its terminal (gamma) phosphate group, releasing energy.
The reaction is:
\text{ATP} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i + \text{Energy}
- Energy Release:
The hydrolysis of ATP releases about 30.5 kJ/mol (7.3 kcal/mol) of energy.
This energy is used to perform cellular work, such as muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and chemical synthesis.
Mechanism of ATP Utilization
- Phosphorylation:
ATP transfers its phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation), making that molecule more reactive.
This is often facilitated by enzymes known as kinases.
- Energy Coupling:
Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions (reactions that require energy).
For example, during muscle contraction, ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for the motor protein myosin to move along actin filaments.
ATP Synthesis
ATP is regenerated from ADP through cellular respiration, which consists of three main stages:
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Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Further breakdown of metabolic products, generating electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
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Oxidative Phosphorylation:
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
ATP Synthase Function
ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and using the energy derived from the proton gradient.
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Proton Gradient: Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
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Rotational Catalysis:
The flow of protons causes the rotation of a part of ATP synthase.
This mechanical energy drives the chemical synthesis of ATP from ADP and .
In summary, ATP serves as a molecular battery, storing energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releasing it upon hydrolysis to fuel various cellular activities. Its synthesis and utilization are tightly regulated processes essential for life.
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- Comment on Fuckers took the whole bowl! Kids these days 2 weeks ago:
Hahahaha, this is almost what happened to my daughter 2 years ago.
Neighbor is Vi, wife is Filipina. I don’t know why the viet neighbor family don’t celebrate Halloween, they are catholics (don’t know how many viet are) and their youngest kid is a teenager. But that is their business, so I don’t put my nose down that rabbit hole. Daughter then 3, rings their door bell for trick or treat. She insisted, in ringing their doorbell, it’s the only house she insisted rining, why? Because we told her trick or treating is going out to scare the neighbors. And the word neighbor is mostly used to our next door Viet neighbors, because our doors are so close.
Anyway, daughter ring the door bell. They don’t have anything ready, the mother goes and gets a pack of instant noodles for my daughter. This made my daughter so happy, all the candy she got was secondary to this pack of instant noodles. The memory of these noodles outlived the memory of any candy she got both two years ago and last year. She rang the door bell again this year but they didn’t open, she now 5, was mildly sad that she didn’t get another pack of noodles.
- Comment on M4 Mac Mini Power Button Has New Bottom Location 3 weeks ago:
I don’t know how to windows, but in Linux I just disable the power button on my laptop. Long press still works, this was to avoid accidentally putting the laptop to sleep when accidentally pressing the power button
- Comment on Opera explains how it plans to keep uBlock Origin support as Google Chrome disables it 3 weeks ago:
Wait, so you are saying that being open source and having a default search engine is the same as being both proprietary and being owned by a Chinese owner?
- Comment on Opera explains how it plans to keep uBlock Origin support as Google Chrome disables it 3 weeks ago:
Partner integration? You mean a partner of them pays them to be allowed to look at your browsing habits?
Did opera leave Norway? Is this stuff worse after that, if they left? What country did they go to?
- Comment on REPORT: Arm is sensationally canceling the license that allowed Qualcomm to make Snapdragon chips which power everything from Microsoft's Copilot+ PCs to Samsung's Galaxy smartphones and tablets 4 weeks ago:
Arm owner softbank wants more mulah, want line goes up.
Qualcomm thinks this is not allowed in their license contract.
Without having read the contract, I think Qualcomm has a strong case, seams arm wants this to be settled before court in December. Qualcomm also thinks they have a strong case, so they say let the courts begin.
But it doesn’t matter if it’s an American court, because Qualcomm is American, softbank is Asian, arm is European. So, you have home turf advantage
- Comment on Five flavors 🤤 4 weeks ago:
Yes, unless you are Coolio or prince
- Comment on Five flavors 🤤 4 weeks ago:
Weird al ruins songs for me, I just forget the original lyrics, and now weird als lyrics is the only thing I can think of when I hear the song
- Comment on Five flavors 🤤 4 weeks ago:
I don’t get this point of view, maybe I should because it sounds logical. But again sometimes I want to listen to harpsichords in E by Bach. And sometimes I want to listen to hallowed be thy name from iron maiden, sometimes I want to listen to a nightmare to remember by dream theater, and sometimes I want to listen to wrong side of heaven by ffdp.
It’s like the same logic that I love eatimg healthy home made delicious filipino food every day of the week, by my excellent cook of a wife. And yet occasionally I get a craving for a menu at burger King with a monster energy drink.
It is as if there is redeemable factors in both
- Comment on Five flavors 🤤 4 weeks ago:
Don’t everyone have both nymphetamine fix and the power of love in the same Playlist?
- Comment on 10001 4 weeks ago:
So you can do all mathematical operations in binary, but you can’t represent all numbers in binary like 0.3, which is a repeating number, and had the same issues as a number like 1/3 in decimal where you can’t avoid rounding errors
- Comment on ICANN approves use of .internal domain for your network 3 months ago:
Then change it Ian!
- Comment on Windows 11 Start menu ads are now rolling out to everyone 6 months ago:
Possibly, but these will change on the regular
- Comment on Real! 9 months ago:
Preik Nederlandsk med meg!
It’s funny the first time I went to Amsterdam, the first thing I noticed was that I could read half of every sign. This is after listening to Dutch language several times and thinking it sounded more klingon than germanic
- Comment on Real! 9 months ago:
That’s a sauce
- Comment on WhatsApp backups on Android will soon count toward your Google Account storage 1 year ago:
I realized the change, when they changed their motto away from don’t be evil.
I don’t care what their motto is now, if they needed to change their motto away from don’t be evil. It’s because they couldn’t follow it