No, Britain’s “Divide and rule” policy was largely implemented after WW1 and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, when Britain thought it could hold onto those regions themselves (de facto, if not de jure). Before that, the Brits (and French) actually went through pains to ensure that the Ottoman Empire didn’t fall apart, because it would damage the balance of power in Europe.
The crackdowns of the Ottoman Empire had two essential causes, basically relying on which period one is looking at. For most of the Empire, it was the same cause that every empire cracks down on regions and cultures for - insufficient loyalty to the central government. And very often, this was dependent on the relationship of central government officials with local magnates. Essentially clientistic relationships more than anything - questions of “You are taxing too much” or “You are offering too little.”
In the last few decades of the Ottoman Empire, both the rise of 19th century nationalism and the increasing realization of the Ottomans that the former despotic-clientistic structure could not compete with modern states caused the Ottomans to reform considerably. Unfortunately, these reforms, while nominally in-line with the ideals of the European Enlightenment and French Revolution, also were accompanied by notions of a Turkish nation, and increased distrust of minorities in the Ottoman Empire (who, to be fair, were themselves adopting 19th century notions of nationalism and getting ‘dangerous’ ideas about independence).
As the Ottoman Empire weakened, losing control over several minority Christian populations either to outright separatism (thus reducing the role and influence of Christians in the empire) or ‘safeguarding’ from European colonial empires claiming to be the ‘protector’ of Christians in a region (thus creating distrust towards Christians, even in the occasions when the safeguarding was legitimate), the Muslim character (always strong, mind you) of the Ottoman Empire intensified even as the formal legal position of Islam became less supported.
So in the late Ottoman Empire, you have a multiethnic, multifaith empire that essentially has adopted notions of being a Turkish, Muslim empire, and all the… unrest that comes with that level of cultural-religious chauvinism.
Rat_in_a_hat@lemmy.ca 19 hours ago
I don’t know if “permitting different cultures” is how I’d phrase/frame it.
There always existed different cultures in the region and the Ottomans knew that. So they didn’t outlaw any culture or religion, but applied a dhimmi status - something nationalistic identities today try to misconceptualize - which actually translates to ‘protected persons’ who paid taxes to benefit from the Ottoman Muslim state protection and governance (not to be confused with full equality though). If you were happy to be under the Ottoman empire and pay tax, then you’re a part of it.
The primary influencers from Europe were Britain and France (they carved up the ottoman empire post WW1). They definitely had a hand in applying ‘soft power’ through minority groups such as those wanting more autonomy or who were disenfranchised by the Ottoman empire’s sub-par reforms and modernization (like pug mentioned).
But it wasn’t really one thing/person/imperial’s fault.
The Ottomans often benefited from limiting the development of competing political identities because maintaining imperial cohesion was important to the survival of a multi-ethnic empire. At the same time, there were competing factions within the Ottoman political establishment, each with different ideas about how the empire should be preserved and governed. So there were proponents who wanted to oppress, and others who didn’t.
The Europeans benefitted by carving it up because that was their colonial model (tried and proven in Africa and Asia). Whatever influence they exerted was generally part of the normal great-power competition of the era rather than direct control, and not necessarily of a kind that forced the Ottomans to respond with repression.
tetris11@feddit.uk 16 hours ago
that’s super interesting, thanks for the extra context