PugJesus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)

In 1917 the Bulgarian defensive positions and fortifications were further improved. It included two prime positions with two rows of continuous trenches 1.5 – 2 metres deep, 200 to 1000 m apart and linked with passages for communication. In front of these positions was a two-line system of wire entanglements. Between the rows of trench watchpoints, shelters, machine-gun nests and sunken batteries were constructed. Behind these defences were concrete galleries, artillery encampments, and ammunition platforms. There were smaller fortifications in front of the primary position, with a partly constructed secondary position 2 – 5 km to its rear.

The battle for a breakthrough in the Bulgarian positions began on 22 April and continued intermittently until 9 May 1917.

Though the artillery duel continued until 9 May, the British had to abandon all attacks due to heavy casualties. They lost 12,000 killed, wounded and captured, of which the Bulgarian defenders buried 2,250. The losses of the [Bulgarian] Ninth Pleven Infantry Division were 2,000, of whom 900 died from disease and wounds.[8]

Rome: “People who are too thinky are suspect. The disabled are morally impaired. Abstract ideas are for dweebs. Philosophers OUT of the city of Rome! Be tall or be ignored tbh. Provincialism/anti-provincialism (GO HOMETOWN). Real men have scars. Sports riots.”

I dunno that I’d take a stance either way. “Evolved for” is different from “thrives in”, after all. We also evolved for the physical health conditions of being pre-civilizational hunter-gatherers, but that doesn’t actually mean that our physical health is optimal in the conditions we evolved for.

Explanation From Original OP:

I am aware that this is a bit of a controversial topic hence I want to remember the reader that I’m not a historian but am trying to explain to the best of my abilities.

In 1830-1849 many northern Mexican states, mainly Sonora and Chihuahua, established a bounty on the scalps of natives, officially to combat persistent raids by these tribes and secure settler safety. However the main interest seemed to be claiming valuable land, using scalp hunters to eliminate perceived threats and claim territory, often leading to brutal massacres and further conflict as bounties were paid for male, female, and child scalps. It didn’t even matter if it was a tribe that was willing to negotiate with the Mexican government in the past or even completely complied to live under their laws, if it was a native there was a bounty on him/her. The scalps were even paraded through the streets and hung outside the plaza in Chihuahua city.

This would however have big consequences, as the people willing to hunt natives were often criminals, who now would become specialized in hunting and killing human beings and caused more chaos in Mexican cities and villages than they created “safety”. It also caused natives to resort to more violent measures to survive which again came to the detriment of the non native population. It also caused border instability as many native tribes were living in the border territory of Mexico and USA and the scalp hunters didn’t necessarily care if said natives were actually in or outside Mexican territory. I also want to add that Mexico and USA were in a strained political relationship previous to this and the war that would arise in 1846 may not have been caused solely due to these border issues but they certainly were a factor in it. That war would also become important for scalp hunting as native tribes were fighting on both and against both sides which again caused an incentive for the northern states of Mexico wanting to get rid of them, as natives were mainly viewed as trouble makers during times of war.

The large amounts of bounties also took a financial toll as they were draining state funds and caused a diversion of resources from productive development and infrastructure. Also you might be wondering by now, “how does one differentiate a native Mexican scalp from a non native Mexican scalp?” The answer is: you don’t. Official cases are few but there were former scalp hunters confessing to have mixed a few non native scalps with the native scalps to squeeze out more profits, how often this was actually practiced no one knows. In time as it became harder for scalp hunters to track natives (as they have begun to become increasingly careful and wander into different territories and because of their decline in numbers) the scalp hunters would form gangs and return to their criminal careers and were especially terrifying due to their profession having specialized them in hunting and killing humans over the past 19 years.

Explanation: Nicomedes IV of Bithynia (located in modern-day Turkiye) willed his kingdom to the Roman Republic. His son, presumably, was not pleased!

This was actually not unusual in the Eastern Mediterranean at the time - as wills could be written and re-written as needed, willing one’s kingdom to Rome - and letting everyone know you had done so - was a common method of preventing any ‘unexpected accidents’ from originating from your heirs, a constant issue in the patricidal royal families of the area. As long as the inheritance is up in-the-air - and the alternative is an actor which very much has the power to enforce their claim indefinitely - papa monarch remains beloved and no one in the family even thinks of harming him! 😊

Thus, the monarch has plenty of time to decide who he wants his heir to be, and can fill out the details when he’s closer to death.

For that matter, even when the king died with his kingdom willed to Rome, Rome would not always take over the kingdom. Instead, having the legal claim was, itself, used as a source of power - either explicitly, in naming a new king (usually a pro-Roman member of the royal family), or implicitly, simply holding that casus belli over the head of any neighbor who decided to pursue an ‘independent’ foreign policy…

It’s generally accepted that, in terms of hours-per-day, hunter-gatherers worked (and still work) less time than subsistence farmers.

“Work,” following herds of game and hunting, is not the same thing as schlepping it to some multinational soulless corp 5 days or more a week for what is now approaching starvation wages for many.

You’re right, it’s much fucking harder and ‘starvation wages’ in the context of hunter-gatherer society is fucking laughable.

Don’t mistake an unfair scenario in the modern day with it being worse than the past.

The hunter gatherers are understood to have had more free time,

Slightly more, yes.

and a higher standard of living in many respects,

Fucking what.

Material accumulation was only possible with the advent of sedentary societies, which were overwhelmingly based on subsistence farming.

than their ancestors that started to farm, and were subsequently conquered by organized groups of armed men that subjugated them.

The ’neat’ notion of hunter-gatherer societies being overwhelmingly conquered is deeply outdated - as is, for that matter, the notion of a strict and immediate demarcation between hunter-gatherer and sedentary farming societies in most regions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaco_Ti%C3%A3o

Tião became a celebrity in Brazil, when in 1988, the comedians who ran newspapers Casseta Popular and Planeta Diário (who would later join forces as Casseta & Planeta), jokingly created his extra official candidature for mayor as a protest in defence of null voting. At the time, voting was written on papers instead of registered using voting machines. It is estimated that more than 400,000 ballots were cast for him, and he reached third place in an election with 12 candidates. Because of that, he is now on the Guinness World Records as the most voted chimpanzee in the world.[4] As Tião was not a registered candidate, all his ballots were considered as null. In 1996, the voting system in Brazil was changed to electronic machines, so votes could no longer be cast for non-registered candidates.

Nah, atrocity denialists get banned on this comm.

Personally, I wouldn’t be a fan of being dead before the age of 12, but I guess that’s just me.

“Ah, nothing like serfdom to put the mind at ease!”

First part is true. We didn’t evolve to have ‘jobs’, but instead to live in small and unspecialized societies.

Second half is an absurdly utopian view of hunter-gatherer societies. Hunter-gatherer societies do less work than subsistence farmers, but more work than modern day 40-hour workweek laborers. Not only that, but it comes at a price of severe food insecurity and low survival rates for anyone with serious health problems.

Snooty, upper-class types.

Top-right, pure goth-jock.

Gudeliva will crush your skull in a wrestling match and then use your blood for eyeliner.

A lot of the Fayum Mummy portraits are of native Egyptians, as many Greeks continued to practice cremation instead! Really fantastic stuff, though, I agree!

Explanation: When Alexander the Great’s Empire fell apart after his death, his generals all immediately scrambled to divide up (and war over) the pieces. General Ptolemy took Egypt, and established himself as Pharoah over the Egyptians… despite being a Macedonian who didn’t even speak Egyptian. For that matter, he set up a caste-based system wherein ethnic Greeks were at the top of the hierarchy, and Egyptians at the very bottom. But what are you going to do? He’s the Pharoah! (and also has all the people with pointy weapons on his side)

The first member of the Ptolemaic dynasty to definitely even speak Egyptian fluently was… Cleopatra VII, the most famous Cleopatra, and the last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, who ruled ~50 BCE.

Tito’s biggest mistake was dying, smh, amateur hour over here

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD

In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano located in the modern-day region of Campania, Italy, erupted, causing one of the deadliest eruptions in history.[2][3][4] Vesuvius violently ejected a cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[5][6] The event gives its name to the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption, characterised by columns of hot gases and ash reaching the stratosphere, although the event also included pyroclastic flows associated with Peléan eruptions.

The event destroyed several Roman towns and settlements in the area. Pompeii and Herculaneum, obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, are the most famous examples.[4][5] Archaeological excavations have revealed much of the towns and the lives of the inhabitants, leading to the area becoming Vesuvius National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.