That’s the part you are missing. Modern charging doesn’t use standard USB power. That’s the whole fast charging landscape is addressing.

Read this www.androidcentral.com/qualcomm-quick-charge

The power brick can supply more than 5 V over a standard USB port because it’s not adhering to USB standards for supplying power. As a result, data and power are decoupled, allowing the power brick to supply more than a standard USB port over a connector and cable which are identical to USB ports and cables.