PieFed, at the discretion of community mods, offers restriction of voting to only subscribed community members. This limits drive-by downvoting from All, where people would not have read the community rules (which in PieFed are repeated in their entirety at the bottom of every post from that community).

It also offers restriction of voting to only “trusted” instances, thereby introducing a third category between the binary federation vs. defederation.

I have also seen communities on PieFed that disable downvoting entirely, even to subscribed members, even on the same instance.

Community mods can enable or disable these settings at will iirc.