If I ask my manager or my director a question or challenge their thought process I get called into a 1 on 1 meeting where I’m told I’m a great asset to the team but me asking questions of them in a team setting sets a bad example

This isn’t on you. If you manager’s skin is so thin that they can’t take some critical thinking thrown at them, then they shouldn’t be a manager. Though if you’re doing it all the time it’s probably very annoying. If they’re doing some self-destructive braindead company decisions, then just roll your eyes and don’t say anything while waiting for their comeuppance to bite them in the ass. You don’t have to kiss the ring but you don’t have to be a nuisance either.

So I guess my question if any is are there still companies that exist in the USA or outside that still give a fuck about what they’re doing and not just inflate that companies value so it can be sold or keep the stock price going up.

Maybe a small business with decent core values. They are very rare though, and are liable to be eaten alive by a change in management. So basically no.