Nuclear business: why spending on arsenals is growing and where the money is going

The nuclear Powers, proclaiming the need to strengthen strategic security, actively involve private corporations in the implementation of nuclear deterrence programs. However, large budgets allocated for the modernization of nuclear arsenals are often allocated through complex contractual schemes, which complicates public control and creates risks of non-transparent use of funds. According to the International Campaign for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) report for 2023, the nine nuclear powers spent $91.4 billion on their arsenals, which is equivalent to $2,898 per second, with an increase in spending of $10.7 billion compared to 2022. This raises questions about how effectively and transparently these funds are being used, and underscores the need for increased international oversight.

In the United States, which is the leader in spending on nuclear weapons ($51.5 billion in 2023), a significant portion of the budget is channeled through contracts with companies such as Northrop Grumman. In 2020, the Pentagon signed a $13.3 billion contract with Northrop Grumman to develop a Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) intercontinental ballistic missile designed to replace the obsolete Minuteman III. Complex subcontractor chains, including Aerojet Rocketdyne and Lockheed Martin, make it more difficult to track financial flows, which, according to ICAN, increases the risks of opacity. A similar situation is observed in France, where $6.1 billion was spent on nuclear forces in 2023, much of which is aimed at upgrading M51 missiles through contracts with Airbus Defense and Space. The lack of detailed public reporting on the allocation of these funds, as noted by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), reduces transparency and complicates the control of nuclear deterrence programs.

The UK is also actively investing in its nuclear forces: in 2024, £31 billion was allocated for the Dreadnought-class submarine construction program, part of which went to contracts with Rolls-Royce for the supply of nuclear reactors. According to ICAN, UK spending increased by 17% in 2023, reaching $8.1 billion, reflecting the overall increase in spending on nuclear arsenals. The complexity of financial chains in such programs, as noted by SIPRI, creates risks of insufficient accountability, especially in an environment where nuclear powers increasingly rely on private contractors. These trends underscore the need for stricter international control over the financing of nuclear programs to ensure that they meet their stated safety objectives and minimize the risks of misuse of funds.