The Atlas of Animal Holes poster is now officially on sale in our DFTBA shop: https://store.dftba.com/products/atlas-of-animal-holes-poster In order to do the things an animal needs to do – eat, drink, breathe, make babies – stuff needs to come into our bodies, and other stuff needs to leave. That’s why we animals have holes. But exactly how many holes those jobs require – and which jobs each hole does – turns out to be wildly different from one animal to the next. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Cloaca: the single all-purpose rear opening in many animals. - Spiracle: A small opening in the body wall of insects and some arachnids, like scorpions, that lets air in and out of the respiratory system. - Operculum: the bony flap that covers the gills on a fish’s head - Urethra: The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body, and in males also carries sperm. - Proglottid: One of the many body segments of a tapeworm, each with its own reproductive organs, which fill with fertilized eggs and break off to leave the host. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: store.dftba.com/me - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Henry Reich • Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Dugdale, J. S. “Female Genital Configuration in the Classification of Lepidoptera.” New Zealand Journal of Zoology, vol. 1, no. 2, 1974, pp. 127-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1974.9517821 Fox, Richard. “Vaejovis carolinianus, Carolina Scorpion.” Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine, Lander University, 2001. https://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/vaejovis.html Hannon, Mary Colleen, and Anja Schulze. “Two-Year Survey of Alitta succinea (Annelida: Nereididae) in Fouling Communities with Notes on Morphology and Reproduction.” Ocean and Coastal Research, vol. 72, suppl. 1, 2024, e24004. https://revistas.usp.br/ocr/article/download/222882/203765/688626 Hejnol, Andreas, and Mark Q. Martindale. “Acoel Development Indicates the Independent Evolution of the Bilaterian Mouth and Anus.” Nature, vol. 456, 2008, pp. 382-386. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07309 Jacob, Jacquie. “Avian Digestive System.” Poultry Extension, University of Kentucky. https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-anatomy/avian-digestive-system/ Jaeckle, William B., and Richard R. Strathmann. “The Anus as a Second Mouth: Anal Suspension Feeding by an Oral Deposit-Feeding Sea Cucumber.” Invertebrate Biology, vol. 132, no. 1, 2013, pp. 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12009 Popma, Thomas, and Michael Masser. “Tilapia: Life History and Biology.” Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication No. 283, 1999. https://thefishsite.com/es/articles/tilapia-life-history-and-biology Reidenberg, Joy S., and Jeffrey T. Laitman. “Position of the Larynx in Odontoceti (Toothed Whales).” The Anatomical Record, vol. 218, no. 1, 1987, pp. 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180115 Smyth, J. D., and D. P. McManus. “The Adult Cestode: Special Structural Features Relevant to Its Physiology.” The Physiology and Biochemistry of Cestodes, Cambridge University Press, 1989. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/physiology-and-biochemistry-of-cestodes/adult-cestode-special-structural-features-relevant-to-its-physiology/DA085BC3C89A24017075AD13E7187FD5