If the internet is a [place*](#place) – or even if we consider it to contain [spaces](https://resistdebanking.wordpress.com/about/references/#Cresswell) – the underlying technological infrastructure must be considered infrastructure just as much as the underlying technological infrastructure for cities. The more digital technologies play a part in every aspect of our lives, the more pressing questions of access to and power over such infrastructures become. When we think about digital infrastructures, we might imagine something immaterial, or metaphorical like clouds, networks, platforms, and flows of data moving seamlessly across the globe. But these systems are made up of material and social realities, they are embedded in data centers, cables, energy grids, as well as human labour, political and economic decision-making. Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the *production of space* offers a framework for understanding how digital infrastructures are not merely technological systems but socially produced spaces shaped by power, ownership, and political struggle: Lefebvre argued that space is not a neutral container in which social life occurs. In *The Production of Space* (1974), he challenged the notion that space simply exists “out there”. Rather, space is actively produced through social relations, economic structures, and political decisions as well as everyday actions of ordinary citizens. Accordingly, every space embodies particular interests, ideologies, and forms of control. Applying this perspective to digital infrastructures reveals that the internet, cloud services, and platform ecosystems from the web 2.0 to now are not neutral, natural or inevitable developments – they are produced spaces reflecting the priorities and interests of users, engineers, and governments – and overwhelmingly, of big tech companies. * place: A place is some space that has been given meaning. This often involves giving it a name, but it can also involve familiarizing oneself with the histories connected to the place, thereby making it “ones own” – placemaking is an *action* of assigning meaning, it doesn’t happen by itself.