As an addition:

China Achieved Record Military Presence in the Indo-Pacific in 2025, according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) China Power Project.

• Taiwan: In 2025, the PLA conducted a record-breaking level of air and maritime activity around Taiwan, sustaining the higher operational tempo of PLA activities that began following William Lai’s inauguration as Taiwan’s president in May 2024. This led to a marked increase in both average monthly PLA activities as well as a higher baseline of PLA activity. However, there was a minor year-over-year decrease in PLA activities in the latter portions of 2025, likely reflecting a temporary, tactical adjustment on China’s end. In 2025, China also conducted two large-scale military exercises around Taiwan, named Strait Thunder-2025A and Justice Mission 2025.

• South China Sea: The PLA conducted a record 163 recorded operations in the South China Sea in 2025, including a record number of live-fire drills. China continued to harass its neighbors, especially the Philippines, but shifted its most aggressive actions away from Second Thomas Shoal toward Scarborough Shoal. The China Coast Guard (CCG) more than doubled its presence around Scarbough Shoal in 2025 compared to 2024.

• Japan and Its Surroundings: China continued to maintain pressure on Japan, and there was a spike of notable PLA escalatory moves in November and December. Throughout the year, there was a slight increase in the number of PLA naval vessels reported operating in the waters around Japan, though the average duration of each PLAN vessel’s trip was shorter than in 2024. Similarly, there was an increase in the number of Chinese official ships within the contiguous zone of the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, but a decrease in Chinese activity within the territorial seas there.

• Beyond the First Island Chain: The PLA ramped up its far-seas training and operations in 2025. China’s navy conducted several unprecedented activities beyond the First Island Chain, including extensive voyages and live-fire drills around Australia and New Zealand, and simultaneous aircraft carrier operations in the Pacific for the first time. China’s two operational aircraft carriers, Liaoning and Shandong, engaged in nearly twice as many days of operation beyond the first island chain in 2025 compared to 2024. China’s coast guard also operated far into the Pacific.

• China-Russia Joint Military Exercises: China conducted six joint exercises with Russia in 2025—the lowest count since 2020 and down significantly from the all-time high of 14 in 2024. However, there were novel developments, most notably their first joint submarine patrol.