Just basic commands will get you most of the way there… lsblk, fsck, etc.

You can check the formatting and partitioning with something like gparted (a GUI for parted)

For SMART, use smartctl or gsmartcontrol for a GUI

Note: external USB enclosures / docks / adapters / etc. rarely pass SMART data, so you’d need to actually plug it into a mobo to check that.