This is TOTP. I use my password manager for that. I used to use Bitwarden, but I recently switched to 1password.

SSO means single sign on. If I sign on to Google, it automatically sign me on other apps. I use a forward auth on my self hosted services. I used to use authentik but I switched to google since it just works much better. If Google makes a shitty move in that department, I can always fall back to authentik.

I don’t mind using proprietary softwares if they’re good, I just prefer to think about an alternative in case I need to switch.