Veritasium just made a great video about the history of Teflon and related chemicals. I got claude to help me put here:

Teflon and PFAS Health Concerns

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) and related compounds have several health concerns:

Teflon itself

• The intact, long-chain PTFE polymer generally passes through the body without being absorbed, as you noted
• Not considered directly toxic when ingested in its stable form

Related harmful compounds

PFOA (C8) and PFOS:

• Used historically in Teflon manufacturing (not present in final product)
• Extremely persistent “forever chemicals” that bioaccumulate
• Associated with:
  • Various cancers (kidney, testicular)
  • Immune system impairment
  • Thyroid disruption
  • Reproductive issues
  • Developmental problems

Shorter-chain PFAS (including C6):

• Introduced as “safer” replacements for C8 compounds
• Still very persistent in environment and bodies
• Growing evidence suggests similar health concerns to longer chains
• May be more mobile in environment

Heating concerns

Teflon breakdown:

• At normal cooking temperatures (below 500°F/260°C): minimal risk
• At high temperatures (above 500°F/260°C): Teflon begins to degrade
• At very high temperatures (above 660°F/350°C): releases toxic gases including:
  • Fluorinated compounds
  • Particulate matter
  • Can cause “polymer fume fever” in humans (flu-like symptoms)
  • Fatal to birds due to sensitive respiratory systems

Recommendations:

• Don’t preheat empty pans
• Avoid high-heat cooking with Teflon
• Replace scratched or damaged Teflon cookware
• Consider alternatives like cast iron, stainless steel, or ceramic

I have never has success with stainless steel but I will definitely try the heat/wipe/fresh technique if I get a chance.