In principle, sure. I’m not aware of an existing out-of-the-box solution that’d do what you want, but it also wouldn’t surprise me terribly if someone’s cobbled something together to do this before.

If I wanted to make something like this personally, I’d start by doing some research into PBX software like Asterisk, what derivatives and extensions people have made for that, etc. – being mindful that I’d likely be digging into a deep rabbit hole…