They can triangulate you to within a building, maybe even a specific room, but they won’t unless you’re with the authorities and have a warrant. There’s a small exception to that, some American carriers are known to sell live location data to bounty hunters, but you’d have to pay more than the price of a new phone to get access to that.

Still won’t help you find your phone if it’s slid under a cupboard, though. But if you can reach your carrier, you can call your phone.